Każdego roku z powodu niekontrolowanej emisji tlenku węgla umiera ponad sto osób, a blisko dwa tysiące ulega podtruciu. Jak uchronić siebie i współmieszkańców od tragedii?
Czym jest czad?
Tlenek węgla (II), potocznie zwany czadem, jest substancją silnie toksyczną. Jego zwiększona emisja jest śmiertelnie niebezpieczna. Gaz powstaje w wyniku niepełnego spalania paliw, spowodowanego zbyt małą ilością tlenu. Czad nazywany jest „cichym zabójcą” – nie sposób go wyczuć, ponieważ jest bezbarwny, bezwonny i niedrażniący. Łączy się z hemoglobiną 210 razy łatwiej od tlenu, powodując niedotlenienie tkanek.
Przyczyny zaczadzeń
Ogólnie uważa się, że przyczyną zaczadzeń są wadliwe paleniska. Jest w tym ziarnko prawdy, jednak w rzeczywistości główny powód stanowi niedostateczny dopływ świeżego powietrza. Termy i kotły, które są najczęstszymi urządzeniami grzewczymi w lokalach mieszkalnych, do prawidłowego funkcjonowania potrzebują stałego źródła tlenu. Dlatego kratki wentylacyjne w pomieszczeniach, w których pracują kotły i termy, powinny być zawsze drożne. Tymczasem zimą bardzo często maskuje się otwory – z jednak strony faktycznie przynosi to oszczędności na ogrzewaniu, ale z drugiej tym samym sprowadza się na siebie ogromne niebezpieczeństwo. Dopływ świeżego powietrza to konieczność!
Przegląd kominiarki ratuje życie
Drugą najczęstszą przyczyną zatruć czadem jest nieprawidłowa praca urządzeń grzewczych, spowodowana brakiem ich kontroli ze strony fachowca. Kotły i termy nie stanowią żadnego zagrożenia, pod warunkiem, iż są regularnie sprawdzane i konserwowane. Według przepisów prawa przewody dymowe, spalinowe oraz wentylacyjne muszą zostać poddane kontroli co najmniej raz do roku, a przewody kominowane czyszczone – w zależności od rodzaju paliwa – raz, dwa lub cztery razy w roku. Dla uniknięcia najgorszego należy przestrzegać tych zasad i systematycznie wołać kominiarza w celu dokonania profesjonalnego przeglądu. Absolutnie niedopuszczalne są samodzielne przeróbki instalacji czy dokonywanie kontroli na własną rękę – lepiej to zadanie zlecić specjaliście, który po wykonaniu prac wystawi gwarancję bezpieczeństwa.
Objawy zatrucia czadem
Zapobieganie to podstawa, ale równie ważne jest rozpoznanie zagrożenia w porę. Zatrucie tlenkiem węgla w początkowej fazie objawia się bólem i zawrotami głowy, nudnościami, dusznościami i kołataniem serca. W dalszej kolejności pojawiają się wymioty, drgawki, zaburzenia widzenia, śpiączka, a zbyt długie wdychanie czadu grozi śmiercią! Jeśli u siebie lub domowników zauważymy podobne objawy, należy natychmiast przewietrzyć mieszkanie i udać się do lekarza. Tych symptomów nie wolno lekceważyć!
Jak uniknąć zatrucia czadem?
Podstawowymi sposobami na uniknięcie tragedii jest zastosowanie środków zaradczych w postaci zapewnienia dopływu tlenu do paleniska oraz regularne przeglądy kominiarskie. W ostatnim czasie popularne stały się również czujniki czadu. Te niewielkie urządzenia donośnym dźwiękiem alarmują, że dopuszczalne stężenie tlenku węgla w powietrzu zostało przekroczone. Detektor umieszcza się w miejscu, skąd potencjalnie może nastąpić emisja toksycznego gazu (np. przy piecyku) lub przy łóżku. Jego koszt waha się w granicach 40 – 250 zł i zależy od zakresu funkcjonalności urządzenia. To chyba jednak nie jest wygórowana cena w zamian za spokojny sen i bezpieczeństwo najbliższych.
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